lkalamas homework

Section one
-During his travels, Charles Darwin made numerous observations and collected evidence that led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life changes over time.
-Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands of the Galapagos.

Section two
-Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
Hutton and Lyell helped scientists realize that Earth is many millions of years old, and the processes that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present.
-Lamarck proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species.
-Malthus reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone.
  Section three

-In artificial selection, nature provides the variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations that they find useful.

-Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment.
Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years. Evidence for this process could be found in the fossil record, the geographical distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and similarities in early development.

Section one

-Biologists have discovered that there are two main sources of genetic variation: mutations and the genetic shuffling that results from sexual reproduction.
-The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many genes control the trait.

Section two

-Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution.
-Natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of three ways: directional selection, stabilizing selection, or disruptive selection.
-In small populations, individuals that carry a particular allele may leave more descendants than other individuals, just by chance. Over time, a series of chance occurrences of this type can cause an allele to become common in a population.
 
-Five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation: there must be random mating; the population must be very large; and there can be no movement into or out of the population, no mutations, and no natural selection.
 

Section three
-As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated from each other.
-Speciation in the Galapagos finches occurred by founding of a new population, geographic isolation, changes in the new population’s gene pool, reproductive isolation, and ecological competition.

Section one 

1.gene pool-combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population. 

2.relative frequency-the number of times that allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur. 

3.single-gene trait-controlled by a single gene that has two alleles. 

4.polygenic traits-traits controlled by two or more genes.

Section two 

1.directional selection-causes the entire curve to move as the character trait changes. 

2.stabilizing selection-keeps the center of the curve at its current position but it narrows the overall graph. 

3.disruptive selection-when the individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle. 

4.genetic drift-kind of random change in allele frequency. 

5.founder effect-situation in which allele frequencies change as aresult of the migration of a small subgroup of a population. 

6.Hardy-Weinberg principle-states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change. 

7.genetic equilibrium-the situation in which allele frequencies remain constant.

Section three 

1.speciation-formation of new species 

2.reproductive isolation-when members of two populations cannot inbreed and produce fertile offspring. 

3.behavioral isolation-occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding but has differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior. 

4.geographic isolation-two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water. 

5.temporal isolation-in which two or more species reproduce at different times. 

Section one 

1.evolution-change over time. 

2.Theory-well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world. 

3.fossil-preserved remains of ancient organisms. 

Section three 

1.natural variation-differences among individuals of a species. 

2.artificial selection-humans select variations in species that they find useful. 

3.struggle for existence-members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life. 

4.fitness-ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. 

5.adaptation-any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival. 

6.survival of the fittest-process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. 

7.natural selection-survival of the fittest. 

8.descent with modification-each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. 

9.common descent-common ancestors of all living things. 

10.homologous structure-structures which have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues. 

11.vestigial organs-may resemble miniature legs, tails, or other structures.

1.Selective breeding is used to pass desired trait on to the next generations.

2.Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by including mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability.

3.Scientists might use the option of hybridization to increase the rate of mutations within species.
4.A polyploid is having more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
 

Lesson 2

1.Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study ad change DNA molecules, Different techniques are used to extract DNA cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and make unlimited copies of DNA.

2.Knowing the sequence of a molecule could help a scientists change the way something could develop, whether it’s a good or bad thing people could change there problems by having a scientists fix there molecules.

3.Gel electrophoresis- procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel.

4.Knowing the sequence of an organisms DNA allows researchers to study specific genes, to compare them with the genes of other organisms, and try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations.

 Lesson 3

1Transformation- a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a part of the cell’s DNA.

2.If a transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

3.Both genetic markers and transformation both help distinguish the DNA and what is involved in the bacteria and the harmful effects in your DNA and cells.

4.First it has a DNA sequence that serves as a bacterial origin of replication. Second the plasma contains genetic makers that is a Gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasma with foreign DNA from those that don’t.

Lesson 4

1.Using the basic techniques of genetic engineering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism. These transformed cells can then be used to grow new organisms.

2.A transgenic organism is a term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from another organism.

3.A donor nucleus is fused to the pre existing cell through an electrical shock.  The cell divides, becomes and embryo, and is birthed.

1

- Avery and other scientists discovered that DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic info. From one generation to the next.

- Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein

- Watson and Crick’s model of DNA was a double helix, in which two strands were wound together

2
-During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into strands, and then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base parings. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand

3
- There are 3 main types of RNA messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

-During transcription, RNA polymerize binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerize then uses one of the strands of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are then assembled into a strand of RNA.
-During translation, cells use the information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
4
-Gene mutations results from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
5
- The Lac genes are turned off be repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose.
- Most eukaryotic genes are controlled individually and have regularity sequences that are much more complex than those of the lack operon.

a.  If the bodies were six-feet deep in permafrost then they would still be preserved 80 years after dying in the terrible influenza pandemic. They were not buried six- feet deep because they state that they were buried in haste. The fears that surrounded this epidemic were that people were trying to get rid of the bodies without preserving them so that the disease would go away.

b.   The scientists are trying to look for traces of how the flu started and are looking for clues to why that contagion was so much more virulent and lethal than any flu virus before or since. These findings can help in the research of other epidemics by it might help fight future outbreaks.

c.   Decoding the genetic sequence of units for one of the 1918 flu epidemic’s genes was “a significant step in understanding the 1918 flu” by it decoded the sequence of units composing of its important genes. The second gene that is being concerned is the he-magglutinin gene.

d.   This news was important in 1998 because they were trying to get people to get vaccines so that there would not b another epidemic of this ever again.

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True

Title- Heart care lab

Purpose- To see If the heart speeds up when the heart volume reaches the right atrium and increases.

Hypothesis- If I excercise then my heart rate will go up.

Materials- Clock, lab book, and a partner.

Procedure-1.Gather all materials

2.Copy the data from the table.

3.Allow your partner to take your pulse.

4.Record the data.

5.Repeat steps 1 and 2 four times then average the results.

6.Walk in place for one minute.

7.Have your partner take your pulse after resting for one minute.

8.Record the data.

Today my wife is driving me insane. Shes getting hysterical over the simplest of things. She saw a movie on t.v. where a cow was slautered for meat and she kept yelling at me about it. When I tried to tell her that it was just a movie she called me an insensitive jerk.

The hormone is estrogen